Environmental Protection Challenges in Pakistan: Evaluating Legal Frameworks, Institutions, and Enforcement Mechanisms.

Abstract

    Environmental degradation has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges facing Pakistan, threatening public health, biodiversity and sustainable development. Despite the existence of a comprehensive legal and policy framework for environmental protection, the country continues to experience severe environmental problems, including air and water pollution, deforestation, climate vulnerability, and ineffective waste management. This study critically evaluates the current environmental protection challenges in Pakistan by examining the adequacy of legal frameworks, the capacity and performance of relevant institutions and the effectiveness of enforcement mechanisms. Adopting a doctrinal research methodology, the study analyses constitutional provisions, environmental statutes, judicial precedents and regulatory instruments governing environmental protection in Pakistan. The research further explores institutional weaknesses, governance deficits, lack of coordination among agencies and enforcement gaps that undermine the implementation of environmental laws. The findings reveal that although environmental legislation in Pakistan is largely aligned with international environmental principles, its practical enforcement remains weak due to limited institutional capacity, political and economic constraints and inadequate public awareness. The study concludes that strengthening institutional frameworks, enhancing enforcement mechanisms, promoting judicial activism, and fostering public participation are essential for achieving effective environmental protection in Pakistan.