The Impact of Climate Change on International Legal Frameworks: Ideas with Reference to Pakistan

Abstract

This article examines the impact of climate change on international legal frameworks, with a specific focus on Pakistan's vulnerability and the challenges it faces in addressing climate-induced impacts. Despite contributing minimally to global emissions, Pakistan is highly susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change, including water scarcity, agricultural disruptions, and extreme weather events. The study assesses the effectiveness of existing international climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC, in supporting Pakistan’s climate goals and identifies the gaps in legal frameworks that hinder effective implementation. Key findings reveal that while international treaties provide a foundation for climate action, challenges such as limited financial resources, insufficient institutional capacity, and the lack of binding enforcement mechanisms continue to undermine Pakistan’s ability to meet its climate targets. Additionally, the study highlights the need for climate justice, emphasising the disproportionate impact on developing countries and the necessity for reparations from developed nations. The research also explores the intersection of climate change and human rights law, with a focus on the protection of vulnerable communities. The article concludes with recommendations for legal reforms, including the establishment of a binding climate reparations mechanism, revising the Indus Water Treaty, and enhancing regional cooperation to address transboundary climate issues. Ultimately, the study recommends the establishment of stronger international legal frameworks to improve Pakistan’s climate resilience and sustainable development.